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Al-Qalam
Sūrat al-Qalam ((アラビア語:سورة القلم), "The Pen") is the 68th sura of the Qur'an with 52 ayat. The Surat describes Allah's justice and the judgment day.Three important themes of this Surah are response to the opponents objections, warning and admonition to the disbelievers, and exhortation of patience to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.〔http://www.alim.org/library/quran/surah/introduction/68/MAL〕 Chronologically, this is the first appearance of any of the "disjointed" (single ) letters (muqattaat) which precede a number of the surahs of the Qur'an〔Muhammad Asad, Al-Qur'an translation, ''The Message of the Qur'an'', First Hardback, 1980, Dar Al-Andalus, Gibraltar, ISBN 1904510000〕 while in Quranic Order this is the last surah to have the appearance of (muqattaat).〔http://www.bombaxo.com/chronsurs.html〕
==Asbab al-nuzul==
''Asbab al-nuzul'' (occasions or circumstances of revelation) is a secondary genre of Qur'anic exegesis (''tafsir'') directed at establishing the context in which specific verses of the Qur'an were revealed. Though of some use in reconstructing the Qur'an's historicity, ''asbab'' is by nature an exegetical rather than a historiographical genre, and as such usually associates the verses it explicates with general situations rather than specific events. Most of the ''mufassirun'' say that this surah was revealed at Mecca, at a stage when opposition to Muhammad had grown very strong and intense verbally.〔http://englishtafsir.com/Quran/68/index.html〕 At the same time, here seems absence of any physical violence towards Muslims.〔http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1931/117696#lf0965-04_head_140〕 According to some historians including William Muir,〔The Corân – William Muir〕 ayaat 9 to 16 refer to Walid ibn al-Mughirah as his personality traits fit in the character defined in these ayaat and a tradition by Ibn Abbas that "We know of no one whom God has described in the derogatory way in which He describes him, blighting him with ignominy that will never leave him (the adverbial qualifier (dhalika, 'moreover' ) is semantically connected to zanim, 'ignoble')".〔Tafsir al-Jalalayn by Jalal al-Din al-Mahalli and Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti〕 Tafsir al-Jalalayn also highlights the correlation in 16th ayah: "Soon We shall brand him on the (snout )"〔http://al-quran.info/#68:16〕 and his nose being chopped off by a sword at the Battle of Badr. However the target personality is not restricted to a single person as the ayaat describe a personality type and not a name〔http://al-quran.info/#68:13〕 and the description starts with a plural form: "So do not obey the (deniers )".〔http://al-quran.info/#68:8〕
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